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Arabic Numerals

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What Americans call "Arabic Numerals" are simply not the same as the ones used by Arabs for at least a millennium.  Any educated Arab will tell you the Arabs use Indian Numerals, as show below in an example taken from a 1982 Iraqi Airlines calendar.

Below are shown Indian numerals as they appear on a 1982 Iraqi Airlines calendar.  Though Arabic reads from right to left, individual numbers of two or more digits are formed left to right.  Even a novice will have no trouble finding the numerals 1, 9, 11 and 19, as they look very much like their western "Arabic" counterparts.  Here you can learn all of them in a minute or two by taking a good look at the calendar.  Going from right to left, and top to bottom, the first week of the month has only 5 days, and the second, third and fourth weeks are full 7 day weeks, leaving the last week with only 5 days, for a total of 31 days.  Now you're ready for an oil deal! 
 
Iraqi Airways Calendar 1982
 
In the 1950s and 1960s many high school students throughout the United States were introduced to algebra with the textbook ALGEBRA for Problem Solving (Boston, Massachusetts:  Houghton Mifflin Company, 1952; Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1957).  While this book no doubt nurtured many who made successful careers in science and mathematics, this is also where a cultural vacuum was perpetuated by its authors Julius Freilich, Simon L. Berman and Elsie Parker Johnson.  On page 5, the first page of Chapter One, the opening sentences set an erroneous pattern of thinking in many, many young minds:  "You already know at least two ways of writing any number.  For example, you can represent eight by the Roman numeral VIII and by the Arabic numeral 8."  Of course if you have taken the calendar tutorial above you will know by now that eight is represented by Λ in Arabic.  This is an Indian derived number used by Arabs for well over a millennia.  On page 312 the authors reveal their own prejudice by desribing Muslims as "Mohammedans" in their telling how algebra was introduced to Europe only after the Christians retook Toledo after four centuries of Muslim rule.  Much new knowledge was revealed from the Arabic books that fell into their hands and were subsequently translated.
 
What may seem to be a subtle distinction and perhaps a bit of trivia about numerals strikes one with full force upon consideration of the USS Liberty incident, where the Zionists attacked a US Navy communications ("spy") ship on an NSA mission hours before the taking of the Golan Heights in less than 24 hours at the end of the June 1967 Six Day War.  An element of the excuse offered and maintained by the Zionists is that on a clear June afternoon with not a cloud in the sky they confused the USS Liberty with an Egyptian ship.  This excuse was easy for the American people to accept because they erroneously believe Arabs use our "Arabic" numbers.  Of course the giant US Navy markings AGTR 5 in white paint (see photo below) looked nothing like ال كصير in black paint and surely the number 5 looks nothing like what you see in the Iraqi Airlines calendar above.  If you are not culturally attuned, the wool can be pulled over your eyes quite easily.
 
USS Liberty
 
Compare the giant numeral 5 in GTR 5 with the men standing in formation on the bow just above.  Going beyond considerations of size, the 5 simply does not look like any Indian-derived number used by Arabs for well over a millennium, and the GTR in white looks nothing like cursive Arabic script in black.  Yet the Zionists claim that their attack was an unfortunate case of mistaken identity!
 
 
 

Copyright Stephen M. St. John 2007, 2010
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